House of Peers (Japan)

House of Peers
貴族院
Kizokuin
Prince Fumimaro Konoe addressing the House of Peers in 1936; note the imperial throne in the background
Type
Type Upper house
Timeline
Established 11 February 1889
Succeeded by House of Councillors
Disbanded 3 May 1947
Members 251 (1889)
403 (at peak, 1925)
373 (1947)
Election
Last election 1946
Meeting place
National Diet Building, Tokyo

The House of Peers of Japan (貴族院 Kizokuin ?) was the upper house of the Imperial Diet as mandated under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (in effect from 11 February 1889 to 3 May 1947).

Ito Hirobumi and the other Meiji leaders deliberately modeled the chamber on the British House of Lords, as a counterweight to the popularly elected House of Representatives (Shūgiin).

In 1869, under the new Meiji government, a Japanese peerage was created by an Imperial decree merging the former Court nobility (kuge) and former feudal lords (daimyo) into a single new aristocratic class called the kazoku.

A second imperial ordinance in 1884 grouped the kazoku into five ranks equivalent to the European prince (or duke), marquis, count, viscount, and baron. Although this grouping idea was taken from the European peerage, the Japanese titles were taken from Chinese and based on the ancient feudal system in China.

The House of Peers originally comprised:

  1. the Crown Prince from age of 18
  2. all imperial princes (shinnō) and lesser princes of the imperial blood (ō) over the age of twenty
  3. all princes and marquis over the age of 25 (raised to age 30 in 1925)
  4. 150 representatives elected from the ranks of counts, viscounts, and barons over the age of 25 (raised to age 30 in 1925), for seven year terms
  5. 150 additional members nominated by the Emperor, in consultation with the Privy Council
  6. 66 elected representatives of the 6,000 highest taxpayers, for seven year terms.

For the first session of the Imperial Diet (1889–1890), there were 145 hereditary members and 106 imperial appointees and high taxpayers, for a total of 251 members.

With the creation of new peers, additional seats for members of the former Korean aristocracy and four seats for representatives from The Japan Imperial Academy, membership peaked at 403 seats by 1925. In its 92nd and final session, the number of members was 373.

Presidents of the House of Peers

Name Title Dates as President Sessions
1 Ito Hirobumi Count (hakushaku) 24 October 1890 – 20 July 1891 1
2 Hachisuka Mochiaki Marquis (kōshaku) 20 July 1891 – 3 October 1896 2–9
3 Konoe Atsumaro Prince (kōshaku) 3 October 1896 – 4 December 1903 10–18
4 Tokugawa Iesato Prince (kōshaku) 4 December 1903 – 9 June 1933 19–64
5 Fumimaro Konoe Prince (kōshaku) 9 June 1933 – 17 June 1937 65–70
6 Matsudaira Yorinaga Count (hakushaku) 17 June 1937 – 11 October 1944 71–85
7 Tokugawa Kuniyuki Prince (kōshaku) 11 October 1944 – 19 June 1946 86–89
8 Tokugawa Iemasa Prince (kōshaku) 19 June 1946 – 2 May 1947 90-92

After World War II, under the current Constitution of Japan, in effect from 3 May 1947, the unelected House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors.

See also